Discussion & Debate

Build on what others say

Instead of introducing an unrelated point, connect your contribution to the discussion.

Useful phrases:

• I agree with that point because…
• I would add that…
• Building on what you said…
• That connects to…

This makes the discussion more coherent.

Disagree constructively

Disagreement is normal in discussions and debates.

Useful expressions include:

• I see your point, but…
• I understand that argument. However,…
• I would challenge that idea because…
• I’m not sure I agree that…

These expressions allow you to criticise an argument without attacking the person making it.

Ask questions

Questions can move the discussion forward.

For example:

• What evidence supports that?
• What do you mean by…?
• How would that work in practice?
• Would that apply in every situation?

Questions are particularly useful when an argument is unclear or unsupported.

Support your own argument

As in writing, avoid simply stating opinions.

Instead of:

I think school uniforms are bad.

try:

I oppose mandatory school uniforms because they limit students’ ability to express their identity without necessarily solving the problems they are intended to address.

Then develop the reasoning.

Respond to arguments

A debate requires you to engage with what the other side actually says.

A strong response might:

• challenge the evidence
• question an assumption
• provide a counterexample
• point out a consequence
• accept part of the argument while disagreeing with the conclusion

Student A:

Social media should be banned for everyone under sixteen because it can negatively affect mental health.

Weak response:

I disagree. Social media is good.

Stronger response:

I agree that there are legitimate concerns about mental health, but a complete ban may be too broad. Social media also allows young people to maintain friendships and access communities. Age restrictions combined with stronger safety measures might therefore be more realistic.

The stronger response acknowledges the argument before challenging the proposed solution.

1. Listen closely to the previous speaker.
2. Decide whether you agree, disagree or want to develop the point.
3. Explain your reasoning.
4. Use evidence or examples when possible.
5. Ask questions if something is unclear.
6. Invite others into the discussion.
7. Focus criticism on arguments rather than people.

Agreeing

• I agree, particularly because…
• That’s a strong point.
• I think that’s important because…

Partly agreeing

• I agree to some extent, but…
• That’s true in some cases. However,…
• I can see that argument, although…

Disagreeing

• I would argue the opposite because…
• I’m not convinced that…
• That assumes that…, which may not always be true.

Clarifying

• Could you explain what you mean by…?
• Are you saying that…?
• Could you give an example?

Entering the discussion

• Can I add something here?
• I’d like to respond to that point.
• Another perspective is…

Weak: Repeating your original point after someone challenges it.

Better: Respond directly to the criticism.

Weak: “You’re wrong.”

Better: Explain exactly which part of the argument you disagree with and why.

Weak: Interrupting because you are afraid of forgetting your point.

Better: Note your idea briefly and wait for a natural opening.

Weak: Remaining silent until directly asked a question.

Better: Look for opportunities to build on other people’s points.

Someone says:

People should have complete freedom of speech online because censorship is always dangerous.

Which response best contributes to a discussion?

• A. That’s wrong.
• B. I don’t know.
• C. Freedom of speech is important, but should the same protection apply to direct threats or targeted harassment?
• D. Social media is interesting.

Answer: C. It acknowledges the principle while introducing a relevant challenge that can move the discussion forward.

• Listen before responding.
• Build on other people’s ideas.
• Disagree with arguments rather than attacking people.
• Explain your opinions instead of only stating them.
• Questions can deepen a discussion.
• Effective discussion is collaborative even when participants disagree.